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آینده اقتصاد داده‌ها: دریافت پول در ازای داده‌های شخصی

این احتمال وجود دارد که در آینده‌ای نه چندان دور، کاربرها در ازای داده‌های شخصی خود پول دریافت کنند. 

آینده اقتصاد داده‌ها: دریافت پول در ازای داده‌های شخصی

بردگی داده؛ به اعتقاد جنیفر لین مورون، هنرمند آمریکایی این کلمه وضعیت کنونی زندگی مردم را توصیف می‌کند. او نسبت به تحویل اطلاعات شخصی به سازمان‌های اطلاعاتی در ازای دریافت خدمات رایگان اظهار تأسف کرده است و می‌گوید داده‌های شخصی ارزشمندتر از آن هستند که فکر می‌کنید. خانم مورون برای تأکید بر این جمله، مفهوم سرمایه‌‌داری افراطی را مطرح می‌کند. او خود را به‌عنوان یک شرکت در Delaware ثبت کرد تا از داده‌های شخصی خود برای رسیدن به سود مالی استفاده کند. او پرونده‌هایی شامل زیرمجموعه‌های مختلف داده‌ای ایجاد کرد و در سال ۲۰۱۶ آن‌ها را در یکی از گالری‌های لندن به نمایش گذاشت. داده‌ها با قیمت‌ پایه‌ی ۱۰۰ پوند (۱۳۵ دلار) به مزایده گذاشته شدند. ارزش مجموعه‌ی کامل داده‌ها شامل اطلاعات وضعیت سلامت و بهداشت و شماره‌ی امنیت اجتماعی درمجموع ۷۰۰۰ پوند برآورد شد.

برای رفتن به ادامه مطلب بر روی کلید سبز سمت چپ کلیک کنید.

تنها تعداد کمی از خریدارها از این پیشنهاد استقبال کردند، اما به‌عقیده‌ی مورون این منطقی نبود. بااینکه شغل یک هنرمند، پیش‌بینی روح دوران است اما حق کاملا با خانم مورون بود: امسال دنیا شاهد فسادی بزرگ در اقتصاد داده‌ای بود. وقتی در ماه مارس مشخص شد کمبریج آنالیتیکا به داده‌های ۸۷ میلیون کاربر فیسبوک دست پیدا کرده، تعداد درخواست‌ها و اعتراض‌ها برای تجدیدنظر بر کنترل داده‌های شخصی آنلاین افزایش پیدا کرد. حتی آنگلا مرکل، صدراعظم آلمان هم اخیرا قیمت‌گذاری بر داده‌های شخصی را اجباری کرده و از پژوهشگرها درخواست کرده است که راه‌حل‌های خود را برای حل این معضل ارائه دهند.

مبادله داده ای

در دنیای دیجیتال کنونی، جمع‌آوری و استفاده از داده‌های شخصی تحت کنترل سازمان‌های بزرگ فناوری قرار دارد؛ از طرفی بر اساس رویکرد خانم مورون، افراد می‌توانند داده‌های شخصی خود را به فروش برسانند اما بعید است که این رویکرد خیلی زود به محبوبیت برسد؛ اما از یک دیدگاه دیگر می‌توان این سؤال را مطرح کرد که اگر افرادی داده‌های خود را کنترل کنند و شرکت‌های بزرگ فناوری برای دسترسی به این داده‌ها ملزم به پرداخت هزینه شوند، وضعیت چگونه خواهد بود؟ این اقتصاد داده‌ای چطور به‌نظر می‌رسد؟

اولین بار نیست که یک دارایی و منبع مهم اقتصادی از مالکیت ساده‌ی افراد خارج شده و به‌شکل تجارت و معامله درمی‌آید؛ برای مثال در گذشته، وضعیت مالکیت آب و زمین هم به همین شکل بوده است. اما بعید است اطلاعات دیجیتال از طریق بازار عرضه شود. در اصطلاح اقتصادی، داده‌های شخصی برخلاف منابع فیزیکی از نوع کالاهای غیررقابتی هستند؛ به این معنی که بیش از یک مرتبه می‌توان از آن‌ها استفاده کرد، و هرچه بیشتر مورد استفاده قرار بگیرند سود بیشتری برای جامعه خواهند داشت. نفوذهای متعدد به داده‌ها نشان می‌دهند کنترل داده‌ها تا چه اندازه دشوار است. به‌گفته‌ی جارون لانیر، یکی از پیشتازان عرصه‌ی واقعیت مجازی و گلن ویل، اقتصاددان دانشگاه ییل (که هر دو در پژوهش‌های مایکروسافت فعالیت دارند) براساس سابقه‌ی تاریخی می‌توان مدلی را ارائه داد که به نگرانی‌های فئودالیسم فناوری ربط داشته باشد.

شناسایی نیروی کار هم مانند شناسایی داده‌ها دشوار است. در بیشتر دوره‌های تاریخی، زحمات کارمندها و کارگرها به‌خوبی جبران نشده است. حتی زمانی که آن‌ها آزادانه کار می‌کردند، ده‌ها سال طول می‌کشید که دستمزدشان به سطوح میانگین قابل‌قبول برسد. براساس پیش‌بینی آقای ویل در کتاب جدید انگیزشی بازارهای رادیکال که با همکاری اریک پوسنر از دانشگاه شیکاگو نوشته است، تاریخ خود را تکرار نمی‌کند اما ممکن است به نظم درآید. او معتقد است در عصر هوش مصنوعی، باید داده را به‌عنوان شکلی از کار در نظر گرفت.

Data Breach

برای پی بردن به دلیل این مسئله، هوش مصنوعی را به‌عنوان بخشی از یک عبارت تعریفی یا غیردقیق در نظر بگیرید. مسر ویل و پوسنر به آن هوش جمعی می‌گویند. اغلب الگوریتم‌های AIدر فرآیندی به‌نام یادگیری ماشین باید از طریق مثال‌های انسانی آموزش داده شوند. تا وقتی این الگوریتم‌ها از پاسخ صحیح (که توسط انسان ارائه شده است) آگاه نباشند، نمی‌توانند زبان‌ها را ترجمه کنند، سخنرانی‌ها را درک کرده و اشیای موجود در تصاویر را تشخیص دهند. بنابراین می‌توان داده‌های ارائه‌شده توسط انسان‌ها را شکلی از انجام کار در نظر گرفت که به تقویت AI کمک می‌کند. با توسعه‌ی داده‌ها، کار داده‌ای، شکل‌های متعددی به‌خود می‌گیرد. بیشتر این شکل‌ها منفعل یا غایب هستند؛ برای مثال افراد معمولا در انواع فعالیت‌ها مثل لایک کردن پست‌های شبکه‌های اجتماعی، گوش دادن به موسیقی، پیشنهاد رستوران‌ها و ... دخالت دارند هرکدام از این فعالیت‌ها به‌نوعی داده‌های موردنیاز را برای توسعه‌ی سرویس‌های جدید تولید می‌کنند. ولی بعضی کارهای داده‌ای به‌دلیل نیاز به فرآیند تصمیم‌گیری به فعالیت بیشتری نیاز دارند (از جمله برچسب‌گذاری تصاویر یا هدایت یک اتومبیل در یک شهر شلوغ)، از این کارها می‌توان به‌عنوان مبنایی برای آموزش سیستم‌های AI استفاده کرد.

اما صرف‌نظر از این‌که این داده‌ها به‌صورت منفعل یا فعال تولید شوند، تعداد کمی از افراد مایل هستند کل اطلاعات خود را ردیابی کنند و ارزش آن را تخمین بزنند؛ از طرفی زمان لازم برای انجام چنین کارهایی را هم ندارند. حتی تعداد اندکی از افراد که کارهای داده‌ای را انجام می‌دهند، قدرت چانه‌زنی لازم را برای دستیابی به یک معامله‌ی خوب از سوی سازمان‌های AI ندارند. اما تاریخچه‌ی نیروی کار می‌تواند راهنمای خوبی در مورد سیر تکاملی این فرآیند ارائه دهد: بر اساس سوابق تاریخی، دستمزدها به‌واسطه‌ی تلاش اتحادیه‌ها به سطوح قابل‌قبولی رسیده‌اند.

مبادله‌ی داده‌های شخصی به توسعه‌ی شرکت‌ها در درازمدت کمک می‌کند

به‌طور مشابه، خانم ویل افزایش اتحادیه‌های کار داده‌ای را پیش‌بینی کرده است؛ این اتحادیه‌ها، سازمان‌هایی هستند که نقش دروازه‌بان را برای داده‌های افراد ایفا می‌کنند. این سازمان‌ها مانند سازمان‌های سنتی، در مورد نرخ‌ها مذاکره می‌کنند، بر کار داده‌ای اعضا نظارت کنند و برای مثال با درنظرگرفتن درجه‌های مختلف اعتباری، کیفیت خروجی دیجیتال را تضمین کنند. اتحادیه‌ها می‌توانند مسیر کار داده‌ای تخصصی را برای اعضای خود هموار کرده و حتی با مسدود کردن دسترسی شرکتی که از داده‌های آن‌ها استفاده می‌کند، دست به اعتصاب بزنند. به‌طور مشابه، اتحادیه‌های داده‌‌ای می‌توانند مسیری را برای مشارکت اعضا فراهم کنند، درعین‌حال به ردیابی فعالیت‌ها پرداخته و داده‌ها را به شرکت‌های AI بفروشند.

شاید این فرآیند مثل یک داستان علمی تخیلی به‌نظر برسد. از طرفی این سؤال مطرح می‌شود که برای مثال، گوگل و فیسبوک چرا باید از مدل فعلی استفاده از داده‌های رایگان دست بکشند و در عوض به فروش تبلیغات هدفمند و آنلاین بپردازند؟ آن‌ها در سال ۲۰۱۷ درمجموع ۱۳۵ میلیارد دلار از تبلیغات درآمد داشتند. اگر قرار بود پولی در ازای داده‌ها به افراد پرداخت شود، سود کمتری به‌دست می‌آوردند. در این اثنا، استارتاپ‌هایی مثل CitizenMe و Datacoup که شکل‌هایی از اتحادیه‌های داده‌ای هستند، پیشرفت زیادی نداشتند. با اینکه حال در صنایع دیگر، غول‌های فناوری داده‌ها را می‌خریدند اما زیاد در مورد آن صحبت نمی‌کردند. آن‌ها برای بررسی کیفیت الگوریتم‌ها و از بین بردن محتوای غیرقانونی و مخرب، از معیارهای ارزیابی و تعدیل‌کننده‌ (بیشتر به‌واسطه‌ی سازمان‌های برون‌سپاری) استفاده کردند. سازمان‌های دیگر از پلتفرم‌های کار انبوه مثل پلتفرم Mechanical Turk آمازون برای تخصیص کارهای داده‌ای ازجمله برچسب‌گذاری تصاویر استفاده می‌کنند. Mighty AI به‌عنوان یک استارتاپ مستقر در سیاتل، از هزاران کارمند آنلاین برای برچسب‌گذاری تصاویر صحنه‌های خیابانی استفاده می‌کند، این صحنه‌ها برای آموزش الگوریتم خودروهای بدون سرنشین به‌کار می‌روند.

داده شخصی

درصورتی‌که AI طبق پیش‌بینی‌ها عملکرد خوبی داشته باشد، تقاضا برای داده‌های بیشتر و بهتر بالا خواهد رفت. با پیچیده‌تر شدن سرویس‌های AI، الگوریتم‌ها به یک رژیم باکیفیت از اطلاعات دیجیتال نیاز پیدا می‌کنند؛ این رژیم‌ها توسط مردم و در ازای پرداخت پول فراهم می‌شوند. وقتی یک سازمان بزرگ فناوری در ازای داده‌ها پولی بپردازد، بقیه‌ی سازمان‌ها هم از آن پیروی می‌کنند.

درنظرگرفتن داده به‌عنوان کار به این معنی، کاهش سود شرکت‌های بزرگ فناوری است اما در درازمدت بر توسعه‌ی کسب‌وکار آن‌ها تأثیر می‌گذارد. کارمندان (حداقل بخشی از آن‌ها) در این فرآیند ایفای نقش می‌کنند. صبح کاری آن‌ها با بررسی داشبوردی آغاز می‌شود که فهرستی سفارشی از وظایف موجود را نمایش می‌دهد: وظایفی مثل تماشای تبلیغات گرفته تا (دوربین کامپیوتر به جمع‌آوری واکنش‌های چهره می‌پردازد) تا ترجمه‌ی یک متن به یک زبان دیگر و بررسی ساختمان مجازی برای آشنایی با قسمت‌های مختلف آن. داشبورد می‌تواند شامل اطلاعاتی مثل فهرست درآمدهای گذشته، رتبه‌بندی‌ها و مهارت‌های جدید باشد.

اما هنوز هم راه زیادی تا تبدیل داده‌های شخصی به شکلی از کاروکسب‌ درآمد باقی مانده است. یکی از پیش‌نیازها برای محقق شدن چنین هدفی، اعمال یک چارچوب قانونی صحیح برای شکل‌گیری اقتصاد داده‌‌ای جدید است. قانون حفاظت از داده‌های عمومی منصوب به اتحادیه‌ی اروپا که در ماه می تصویب شد، حق بررسی، دانلود و حذف داده‌های شخصی (که تحت مالکیت شرکت‌ها قرار دارند) را به مردم می‌دهد. در درجه‌ی دوم، فناوری ردیابی جریان‌های داده‌ای قوی‌تر شده است. پژوهش‌های مربوط به محاسبه‌ی ارزش داده‌های موجود در سرویس‌های AI هنوز در دوران طفولیت خود به‌سر می‌برند.

مهم‌تر از همه، مردم به‌عنوان کارمندهای داده‌ای باید آگاهی خود از دسته‌ها و گروه‌های مختلف داده‌ای را افزایش دهند. اغلب افراد می‌گویند خواستار محافظت از داده‌های شخصی خود هستند، اما داده‌های خود را ازای دریافت هیچ سودی رها می‌کنند؛ به این رفتار در اصطلاح پارادوکس حریم شخصی گفته می‌شود. اما به‌طورکلی چنین رفتارهایی در حال تغییر هستند: بر اساس پژوهش‌های مرکز Pew بیش از ۹۰ درصد از آمریکایی‌ها معتقدند که کنترل افراد برای دستیابی به داده‌ها ضروری است.

حتی در صورت پیاده‌سازی چنین فرآیندی، پول حاصل از آن زیاد نخواهد بود. برای مثال اگر فیسبوک سود ماهیانه‌ی خود را بین کاربران تقسیم کند، به هرکاربر سالانه ۹ دلار خواهد رسید. اما چنین محاسباتی در تشخیص آغاز عصر داده‌ای شکست می‌خورند. AI اغلب اوقات به برق تشبیه می‌شود. زمانی که فرآیند برق‌رسانی در اواخر قرن نوزدهم آغاز شد، برق مصرفی کل شهرها برابر با برق مصرفی یک خانوار در زمان حاضر بود.

آیا اقتصاد داده‌ای ناعادلانه نیست؟ قطعا داده‌های بعضی افراد ارزشمندتر از داده‌های بقیه است. اما آقای ویل معتقد است مهارت‌های موردنیاز برای تولید داده‌های باارزش ممکن است گسترده‌تر از حد تصور شما باشند؛ بنابراین کار داده‌ای می‌تواند سلسله‌مراتب استاندارد سرمایه‌ی انسان را مختل کند. جوامع باید به‌دنبال مکانیزمی برای توزیع ثروت حاصل از AI باشند. تا زمانی که این تغییر رخ ندهد، نابرابری اجتماعی می‌تواند به سطوح میانی برسد. اما در صورت پیاده‌سازی این تغییرات، می‌توان امیدوار بود که روزی کارمندان داده‌ای در سراسر دنیا با یکدیگر متحد شوند.

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ممنون
ارسال نظر آزاد است، اما اگر قبلا در بیان ثبت نام کرده اید می توانید ابتدا وارد شوید.
شما میتوانید از این تگهای html استفاده کنید:
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تجدید کد امنیتی
فردا و دیروز با هم دست به یکی کردند
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